Destination competitiveness and sustainability indicators: Implementation of the European Tourism Indicator System (ETIS) in Serbia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5937/menhottur2302027CKeywords:
European Tourism Indicator System (ETIS), destination competitiveness, sustainable tourism development, stakeholders’ involvementAbstract
Incorporating sustainability into the Destination Management Organization (DMO) policies is important because it is a competitive factor. Additionally, this is due to the requirement for effective planning and the proper management of tourism development. To promote and evaluate the sustainability aspect of tourism destination competitiveness, it is essential to create a system of sustainable tourism indicators and ensure effective stakeholder involvement and communication as a key strategy for the implementation of the indicators. This paper addressed the issues of Serbian tourism stakeholders’ awareness and knowledge regarding the importance of the European Tourism Indicator System (ETIS) for the evaluation of sustainability aspect of tourism destination competitiveness. The results indicate that there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the availability of sustainable indicators and collection methods. The authors suggest that significant efforts need to be made to raise awareness of ETIS and its importance for tourism destinations governance, while DMOs need to continuously improve the methods they use to collect key sources of information.
Downloads
References
Blancas, F. J., Lozano-Oyola, M., González, M., & Caballero, R. (2018). A dynamic sustainable tourism evaluation using multiple benchmarks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 174, 1190–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.295
Blancas, F. J., Lozano-Oyola, M., & González, M. (2015). A European Sustainable Tourism Labels proposal using a composite indicator. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 54, 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2015.05.001
Blancas, F. J., Lozano-Oyola, M., González, M., Guerrero, F. M., & Caballero, R. (2011). How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 412/413, 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.066
Brătucu, G., Chițu, I. B., & Demeter, T. (2015). Adapting the European tourism indicators system to Braşov – tourist destination. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov, Economic Sciences, 8(2), 157–162.
Brščić, K., Planaguma, L. P., Raschi, A., Marchi, V., Šugar, T., Lovrečić, K., & Poljuha, D. (2020). Can indicators for sustainable tourism improve tourism planning in coastal destinations? Empirical evidence from Catalonia, Istrian Region and Tuscany Region. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 68(2), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.68.2.3
Cannas, R. (2019). Communicating actions for sustainable tourism development. The implementation of the European Tourism Indicator System for sustainable destinations in South Sardinia. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 9(18), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/8855
Cannas, R., & Theuma, N. (2013). Strategies and tools for sustainable tourism destination management: Applying the European Tourism Indicators System in Malta. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tourism (ICOT 2013) (pp. 119–133). Limassol, Cyprus.
Cimbaljević, M., Panić, A., Pavlović, D., Pavluković, V., Pivac, T., Kovačić, S., & Stankov, U. (2023). Systematic literature review on tourism destination competitiveness research, Turizam, 27(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.5937/turizam27-42000
Chris Choi, H. S., & Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, 27, 1274–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.018
Dulyadaweesid, N., & Sirisunhirun, S. (2018). The development of sustainable tourism indicators in Thailand. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), 15(2-3), 176–191.
European Commission. (2007). Treaty of Lisbon – Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community. Official Journal of the European Union, Brussels.
European Commission. (2013). European Tourism Indicator System TOOLKIT for sustainable destinations. Retrieved December 20, 2022 from
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/sustainable-tourism/indicators/index_en.htm
European Commission. (2016). The European Tourism Indicator System. Retrieved December 20, 2022 from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4b90d965-eff8-11e5-8529-01aa75ed71a1
Fernandez-Tabales, A., Foronda-Robles, C., Galindo-Perez-de-Azpillaga, L., & Garcia-Lopez, A. (2017). Developing a system of territorial governance indicators for tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25, 1275–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1260136
Font, X., Torres-Delgado, A., Crabolu, G., Palomo Martinez, J., Kantenbacher, J., & Miller, G. (2021). The impact of sustainable tourism indicators on destination competitiveness: The European Tourism Indicator System. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7), 1608–1630. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1910281
Foronda-Robles, F., Galindo-Pérez-de-Azpillaga, L., & Fernández-Tabales, A. (2020). Progress and stakes in sustainable tourism: Indicators for smart coastal destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7), 1518–1537. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1864386
Gasparini, M. L., & Mariotti, A. (2021). Sustainable tourism indicators as policy making tools: Lessons from ETIS implementation at destination level. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7), 1719–1737. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1968880
Golja, T., & Slivar, I. (2014). The importance of measuring sustainability in reaching higher destination competitiveness. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Management Leadership and Governance ECMLG (pp. 100–110). Zagreb: VERN’ University of applied sciences.
Huang, Y & Coelho, V.R. (2017). Sustainability performance assessment focusing on coral reef protection by the tourism industry in the Coral Triangle region. Tourism Management, 59, 510-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.008
Islam, Md S., Lovelock, B., & Coetzee, W. J. L. (2021). Liberating sustainability indicators: Developing and implementing a community-operated tourism sustainability indicator system in Boga Lake, Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7), 1651–1671. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1928147
Ivars-Baidal, J. A., Vera-Rebollo, J. F., Perles-Ribes, J. F., Femenia-Serra, F., & Celdrán-Bernabeu, M. A. (2021). Sustainable tourism indicators: What’s new within the smart city/destination approach? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7), 1556–1582. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1876075
Krajnović, A., Zdrilić, I., & Miletić, N. (2020). ETIS indicators in sustainable tourist destination – Example of the island of Pag. Journal of Accounting and Management, 10(1), 9–28.
Kristjansdottir, K. R., Ólafsdóttir, R., & Ragnarsdóttir, K. V. (2018). Reviewing integrated sustainability indicators for tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(4), 583–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1364741
Law, A., DeLacy, T., & McGrath, G. M. (2017). A green economy indicator framework for tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(10), 1434–1455. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1284857
Lee, T. H., & Hsieh, H. P. (2016). Indicators of sustainable tourism: A case study from a Taiwan’s wetland. Ecological Indicators, 67, 779-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.023
Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(6), 459–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667216
Matiku, S. M., Zuwariwme, J., & Tshipala, N. (2020). Sustainable tourism planning and management for sustainable livelihoods. Development Southern Africa, 38(4), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1801386
McLoughlin, E., Hanrahan, J., Duddy, A. M., & Duffy, S. (2018). European Tourism Indicator System for sustainable destination management in county Donegal, Ireland. European Journal of Tourism Research, 20, 78–91. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v20i.341
Moreno Pires, S., Fidélis, T., & Ramos, T. B. (2014). Measuring and comparing local sustainable development through common indicators: Constraints and achievements in practice. Cities, 39, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.02.003
Núñez-Lara, E., Cahuich-Carrillo, A., Delgado-Estrella, A., & Laffon-Leal, S. (2015). Tourism and sustainability indicators as planning tools for a coastal NPA in Mexico. Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, 193, 355–364.
Obradović, S., & Stojanović, V. (2022). Measuring residents’ attitude toward sustainable tourism development: A case study of the Gradac River gorge, Valjevo (Serbia). Tourism Recreation Research, 47(5–6), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1870073
Ocampo, L., Ebisa, J. A., Ombe, J., & Geen Escoto, M. (2018). Sustainable ecotourism indicators with fuzzy Delphi method – A Philippine perspective. Ecological Indicators, 93, 874–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.05.060
Önder, I., Wöber, K., & Zekan, B. (2017). Towards a sustainable urban tourism development in Europe: The role of benchmarking and tourism management information systems – A partial model of destination competitiveness. Tourism Economics, 23(2), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616656247
Pérez, V. E., Santoyo, A. H., Guerrero, F., León, M. A., da Silva, C. L., & Caballero, R. (2017). Measuring the sustainability of Cuban tourism destinations considering stakeholders’ perceptions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(3), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2114
Pivčević, S., Petrić, L., & Mandić, A. (2020). Sustainability of tourism development in the Mediterranean—Interregional similarities and differences. Sustainability, 12, 7641. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187641
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Ramakrishna, S., Hall, C. M., Esfandiar, K., & Seyfi, S. (2020). A systematic scoping review of sustainable tourism indicators in relation to the sustainable development goals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7), 1497–1517. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1775621
Republički zavod za statistiku (RZS) [Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia] (2021). Anketa o stranim turistima u Republici Srbiji 2021. godine [Survey on foreign tourists in the Republic of Serbia in 2021]. Retrieved January 15, 2023 from
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2000). The competitive destination: A sustainability perspective. Tourism Management, 21(1), 1–7.
Stojanović, V., Đorđević, J., Lazić, L., Stamenković, I., & Dragićević, V. (2014). The principles of sustainable development of tourism in the special nature reserve »Gornje Podunavlje« and their impact on the local communities. Acta Geographica Slovenica, 54(2), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS54407
Stojanović, V., Mijatov, M., Dunjić, J., Lazić, L., Dragin, A., Milić, D., & Obradović, S. (2021). Ecotourism impact assessment on environment in protected areas of Serbia: A case study of Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve. Geographica Pannonica, 25(3), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.5937/gp25-32288
Tanguay, G. A., Rajaonson, J., & Therrien, M.-C. (2013). Sustainable tourism indicators: Selection criteria for policy implementation and scientific recognition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 862–879. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1948674
Torres-Delgado, A., & Saarinen, J. (2014). Using indicators to assess sustainable tourism development: A review. Tourism Geographies, 16(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2013.867530
Torres-Delgado, A., & López Palomeque, F. (2014). Measuring sustainable tourism at the municipal level. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 122–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.09.003
Tshipala, N., Coetzee, W. J., & Potgieter, M. (2019). Sustainable indicators for adventure tourism destinations: A case of Waterval Boven. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 11(5), 589–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2018.1552546
Tudorache, D. M., Simon, T., Frent, C., Musteaţă-Pavel, M. (2017). Difficulties and challenges in applying the European Tourism Indicators System (ETIS) for sustainable tourist destinations: The case of Brasov County in the Romanian Carpathians. Sustainability, 9, 1879. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101879
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2004). Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations: A guidebook. Madrid, Spain. Retrieved February 1, 2023 from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284407262
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2017). Tourism and the sustainable development goals – Journey to 2030. Madrid, Spain. Retrieved February 1, 2023 from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419340
World Economic Forum (WEF). (2022). Travel & tourism development index 2021 – Rebuilding for a sustainable and resilient future. Geneva. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Travel_Tourism_Development_2021.pdf
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Marija Cimbaljević, Milana Pantelić, Sanja Kovačić, Svetlana Vukosav
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.